PARIS/STOCKHOLM: More than 60,000 people died from heat in Europe during last year’s record-breaking summer, a benchmark study said on Monday, in the latest warning of the massive toll climate change is having on the continent.

With Europe heating up twice as fast as the global average, the Spain-based researchers suggested an emergency alert system could help warn vulnerable people — particularly the elderly — ahead of dangerous heatwaves.

“Europe experienced an exceptionally deadly summer in 2024 with more than 60,000 heat-related deaths, bringing the total burden over the past three summers to more than 181,000,” said the study in the journal Nature Medicine.

The researchers at the Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) reached this figure by analysing mortality data in regions across 32 European countries that covered a population of 539 million. The death toll during last year’s summer — which was the hottest in recorded history for both Europe and the world — was estimated to be 62,775.

This was nearly 25 percent higher than the 50,798 estimated for 2023’s summer, according to the study’s newly revised figures. It remained below 2022’s toll of 67,873. However there are several sources of uncertainty for this kind of research, which means these are not “ultimate and precise” numbers, lead study author Tomas Janos of ISGlobal said.

Eight Swedish glaciers disappeared in 2024, says expert

Taking this uncertainty into account, the 2024 study gave a wider estimate range of between 35,00 to 85,000 deaths. It is difficult to establish how many people are killed by rising temperatures, because heat is very rarely recorded as a cause of death.

Beyond immediate effects such as heatstroke and dehydration, heat contributes to a broad range of potentially deadly health problems, including heart attacks, strokes and respiratory conditions.

According to the study, Italy was the country with the most heat deaths last summer with an estimated 19,000, followed by Spain and Germany, both with over 6,000.

When the size of the country’s population was taken into account, Greece had the highest rate with 574 deaths per million people, followed by Bulgaria and Serbia.

Glacier melting

Eight of Sweden’s 277 glaciers melted completely during 2024 and are now extinct due to global warming, the head of the Tarfala Research Station in northern Sweden said on Monday. Another 30 glaciers are at risk, glaciology professor Nina Kirchner said.

The extinct glaciers “won’t come back in our lifetime and not if global warming continues”, she said. Kirchner and her colleagues at the Tarfala Research Station, near Sweden’s highest peak Kebnekaise in the far north, study satellite images of the country’s glaciers every year to track their development.

“At the beginning of 2025, when we sat down to do our 2024 update to see when the glaciers were at their smallest, we couldn’t find eight of the glaciers on the satellite images.” “At first we thought we had done something wrong or missed something,” she said.

The group double-checked their data and concluded that “the eight are gone”. Among the eight was Sweden’s northernmost glacier, Cunujokeln in the Vadvetjakka national park.

Published in Dawn, September 23rd, 2025