WASHINGTON: Space can be an unfriendly place for the human body, with microgravity conditions and other factors tampering with our physiology, from head to toe — head, of course, being a primary concern.

A new Nasa-funded study provides a deeper understanding of the issue. Researchers said on Thursday that astronauts who travelled on the International Space Station (ISS) or Nasa space shuttles on missions lasting at least six months experienced significant expansion of the cerebral ventricles — spaces in the middle of the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid.

This colourless and watery fluid flows in and around the brain and spinal cord. It cushions the brain to help protect against sudden impact and removes waste products.

Based on brain scans of 30 astronauts, the researchers found that it took three years for the ventricles to fully recover after such journeys, suggesting that an interval of at least that duration would be advisable between longer space missions.

“If the ventricles don’t have sufficient time to recover between back-to-back missions, this may impact the brain’s ability to cope with fluid shifts in microgravity. For example, if the ventricles are already enlarged from a previous mission, they may be less compliant and/or have less space to expand and accommodate fluid shifts during the next mission,” said University of Florida neuroscientist Heather McGregor, lead author of the study published in the journal Scientific Reports.

Age-related ventricular enlargement — caused not by microgravity but by brain atrophy — can be associated with cognitive decline.

“The impact of ventricular expansion in space travellers is not currently known. More long-term health follow-up is needed. This ventricular expansion likely compresses the surrounding brain tissue,” University of Florida applied physiology and kinesiology professor and study senior author Rachael Seidler said.

The absence of Earth’s gravity modifies the brain.

“This seems to be a mechanical effect,” Seidler said. “On Earth, our vascular systems have valves that prevent all of our fluids from pooling at our feet due to gravity. In microgravity, the opposite occurs - fluids shift toward the head. This headward fluid shift likely results in ventricular expansion, and the brain sits higher within the skull.” The study involved 23 males and seven female astronauts — average age around 47 — from the US, Canadian and European space agencies. Eight travelled on space shuttle missions of about two weeks. Eighteen were on ISS missions of about six months and four on ISS missions of about a year.

Little to no ventricular volume change occurred in astronauts after short missions. Enlargement occurred in astronauts after missions of six months or longer, though there was no difference in those who flew for six months compared to those who did so for a year.

“This suggests that the majority of ventricle enlargement happens during the first six months in space, then begins to taper off around the one-year mark,” McGregor said.

Published in Dawn, June 9th, 2023