PARIS: In the beginning, more than 13 billion years ago, the Universe was an undifferentiated soup of three simple, single-atom elements.

Stars would not form for another 100 million years.

But within 100,000 years of the Big Bang, the very first molecule emerged, an improbable marriage of helium and hydrogen known as a helium hydride ion, or HeH+.

“It was the beginning of chemistry,” said David Neufeld, a professor at John Hopkins University and co-author of a study published on Wednesday detailing how — after a multi-decade search — scientists finally detected the elusive molecule in space.

“The formation of HeH+ was the first step on a path of increasing complexity in the Universe,” as momentous a shift as the one from single-cell to multi-cellular life on Earth, he said.

Theoretical models had long since convinced astrophysicists that HeH+ came first, followed — in a precise order — by a parade of other increasingly complex and heavy molecules.

HeH+ had also been studied in the laboratory, as early as 1925. But detected HeH+ in its natural habitat had remained beyond their grasp.

“The lack of definitive evidence of its very existence in interstellar space has been a dilemma for astronomy for a long time,” said lead author Rolf Gusten, a scientist at the Max Planck Institute for Radioastronomy in Bonn.

Researchers knew where to look. Already in the 1970s, models suggested that HeH+ should exist in significant quantities in the glowing gases ejected by dying Sun-like stars, which created conditions similar to those found in the early Universe.

The problem was that the electromagnetic waves given off by the molecule were in a range — far-infrared — cancelled out by Earth’s atmosphere, and thus undetectable from the ground.

So Nasa and the German Aerospace Centre joined forces to create an airborne observatory with three main components: a massive 2.7-metre telescope, an infrared spectrometer, and a Boeing 747 — with a window-like square cut away from it fuselage — big enough to carry them.

From a cruising altitude of nearly 14,000 metres, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, or SOFIA, avoided 85 per cent of the atmospheric “noise” of ground-based telescopes.

Data from a series of three flights in May 2016 contained the molecular evidence scientists had long sought, interlaced in the planetary nebula NGC 7027 some 3,000 light years away.

“The discovery of HeH+ is a dramatic and beautiful demonstration of Nature’s tendency to form molecules,” said Neufeld.

In this case, it did so despite inauspicious circumstances. Even though temperatures in the young Universe fell rapidly after the Big Bang, they were still in the neighbourhood of 4,000 degrees Celsius, a hostile environment for molecular bonding.

Published in Dawn, April 18th, 2019