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| May 11, 2003 | Sunday | Rabi-ul-Awwal 8, 1424 |
US reorders forces around oil, Africa
WASHINGTON: Africa appears to be getting more attention from the Pentagon as the US military makes major geo-strategic shifts in its global deployments.
While the Defence Department has made no formal announcements about US plans to acquire base rights on the African mainland, other moves suggest that interest toward that end is growing.
On Thursday, the department announced that a US counter- terrorism warship, the USS Mt. Whitney, is returning home from its tour off the coast of the Horn of Africa, but not before leaving off its command personnel and equipment at Camp Lemonier in Djibouti, which has acted as the main US base for counter- terrorist activities off-shore and in the region since after the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks against New York and the Pentagon.
The Mt. Whitney’s departure means that Camp Lemonier will now be home to 1,800 US troops, sailors, fliers and civilian personnel at a highly strategic point sandwiched between Ethiopia and Somalia and just across the Red Sea from Yemen.
The announcement followed little-noticed remarks last week by Nato Supreme Commander, US Gen. James Jones, that Washington plans to boost its troop presence in West Africa, a troubled region that now provides more than 15 percent of all US oil imports, a percentage slated to rise to 25 percent within 12 years.
The carrier battle groups of the future and the expeditionary strike groups of the future may not spend six months in the Med(iterranean Sea), but I’ll bet they’ll spend half the time going down the west coast of Africa,” Jones told a Defence Writers Group breakfast in late April.
While he did not discuss the vast reserves of West African oil off-shore, Jones said the region included “large, ungoverned areas ... that are clearly the new routes of narco-trafficking, terrorists’ training, and hotbeds of instability”, which Washington and its Nato partners will have to address.
Both moves “capture exactly what the main interests of the administration in Africa are at the moment”, according to Daniel Volman, director of the African Security Research Project here. “They’re very concerned about terrorism and Muslim fundamentalists in East Africa and the Horn, and they’re clearly very interested in access to African oil.”
The moves also come amid reports of plans for major changes in US deployments around Eurasia in the wake of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, and the adoption by the administration of President George W. Bush of a far more ambitious global military strategy centred on preventing the rise of any possible regional rival in strategic parts of the Eurasian landmass.
The purpose of the deployments is both to reduce the US military “footprint” in countries where the US military presence has become a political burden for host governments, and to reposition US forces globally for more rapid deployment to likely trouble spots, especially Central Asia, the Gulf and East Asia.
The Pentagon is particularly interested in getting access to facilities throughout the region where it can pre-position weapons and supplies, rather than having to rely on their transport from more distant bases.
The administration has already announced it intends to withdraw virtually all of its 8,000 uniformed personnel from Saudi Arabia after 12 years of basing its Gulf air operations there, and will move much of it to Qatar’s Al-Udeid Air Base. The Pentagon also plans to reduce forces in Kuwait, the launching pad for its invasion of Iraq, although it will retain its use of naval facilities in nearby Bahrain.
In another country where hosting the US military has become politically problematic — Turkey — Washington has already withdrawn virtually all of its forces at the Incirlik Air base in the southwest, which was used as the base for patrolling Iraq’s northern “no-fly” zone from 1991 until last month.
There have been persistent reports that the Pentagon hopes to use as many as four army and air bases in Iraq, although Defence Secretary Donald Rumsfeld has denied them. But Washington appears intent on retaining access to bases in Central Asia, notably Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, which it used during the war in Afghanistan.
In Europe, it appears virtually certain that Washington will soon be withdrawing most of the 60,000 troops from bases in Germany that it has occupied for more than half a century. Romania and Bulgaria have offered much cheaper deals for bases that will be closer to both the Caucasus and the Middle East and Gulf sub-regions.
Washington may also shift and possibly boost the 100,000 active-duty personnel that are currently stationed in the western Pacific, primarily in South Korea and Japan.
Until now, US interest in East Africa and the Horn has been confined mainly to its proximity to the Arabian Gulf and particularly to Yemen, from which the Al Qaeda terrorist group has historically recruited heavily. Yemen has also been the site of several attacks against US and other western targets, including the suicide bombing of the USS Cole, which killed 17 sailors in October 2000.
In addition, Washington has been concerned about infiltration into the Horn, particularly in Somalia, of Al Qaeda militants after the Afghanistan campaign.
The Mt Whitney has acted as the headquarters for the Combined Joint Task Force-Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA), which will now move to Camp Lemonier. The camp, a former French base, has been home to hundreds of US military and intelligence personnel, including Special Operations Forces (SOF) since shortly after the 9/11 attacks.
“The movement of the CJTF-HOA headquarters ashore does not signal any change in focus for coalition counter-terrorism operations in the Horn of Africa, but rather represents a logical ‘next step’ in the progress of CJTF-HOA operations,” the Pentagon said. It added that the group’s mission “is, and will continue to be, to detect, disrupt and defeat trans-national terrorism in conjunction with coalition partners across the Horn of Africa region.”
It said the mission was not tied to “a fixed period of time” and that Washington has already made improvements in the facilities there and may be intending to use it as a permanent base of operations. Jones noted that the administration also has access rights to naval facilities in nearby Mombassa, Kenya, but Djibouti may be preferable “because it may be more politically reliable”.
In West Africa, Jones said Nato is planning to deploy a prototype quick-reaction force of between 2,000 and 3,000 units, including air, ground and sea forces, as early as October. He did not say where such a base would be sited.
The fact that he spoke about carrier battle groups was considered especially significant by Volman. “That would be much bigger than anything they’ve done before,” he said, adding that it may also require more permanent facilities than have been available in the past.
The tiny country of Sao Tome e Principe offered to host a US navy base last year, but Washington has not yet acted on the invitation.
Aside from Nigeria, the major oil producers in West Africa include Angola, Congo, Gabon, Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea, where Washington plans to re-open its embassy only eight years after it closed it. In the meantime, major deposits of oil have been found off its coast, and US companies have gained by far the largest share of concessions to exploit them.
The Gulf of Guinea, which runs along the coast, is believed to hold as much as 30 billion barrels of reserves. —Dawn/InterPress News Service.
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