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CAIRO: Egypt's Hosni Mubarak, whose trial for murder and corruption in Cairo began on Wednesday with his two sons, enjoyed near absolute power for three decades as president before being toppled in February.
In the dock are Mubarak, his two sons Alaa and Gamal, former interior minister Habib al-Adly and six of his deputies. Businessman Hussein Salem is being tried in absentia.
The Mubaraks are accused of graft and ordering the killing of anti-regime protesters during the huge popular uprising that forced the president to stand down and transfer power to the military.
His fall from grace was one Mubarak found difficult to accept.
On April 10, in his first public statement since his resignation, Mubarak told pan-Arab news network Al-Arabiya that he and his family were the victims of “false claims that seek to ruin my reputation and challenge my integrity.” In a move that angered many Egyptians, he even threatened libel suits against any media reporting the allegations against him.
Until the anti-government protests erupted on January 25, Mubarak seemed untouchable as president of the most populous nation in the Arab world, backed by the United States and the military from whose ranks he had emerged.
Now 83, Mubarak had survived 10 attempts on his life and his health was also a subject of speculation. But in the end, it was the people who brought down Egypt's latter-day pharaoh.
His rise to power came unexpectedly, when his predecessor Anwar Sadat -- who made history by signing a peace deal with Israel -- was gunned down by Islamist militants on October 6, 1981 at a military parade in Cairo.
Mubarak took office a week later, and then ruled without interruption until February this year.
Islamic fundamentalist groups -- including Al-Jihad, Gamaa Islamiyya and Talaeh al-Fatah -- were responsible for most of the attempts on Mubarak's life.
The first direct attempt to kill him came in 1993; a year after Islamists launched a campaign of violence aimed at toppling the secular Egyptian government, when a bid to fire rockets at his plush Cairo residence was foiled.
Later murder attempts included a plot to car-bomb the presidential motorcade in Cairo.
In 1995, militants opened fire on the presidential motorcade in Addis Ababa. The previous year saw an attempt to kill him with explosives as he was due to meet Libyan leader Muamer Qadhafi at a military airport.
In September 1999, Mubarak was slightly wounded when a man with no apparent links to any Islamic group stabbed him in Port Said.
Mubarak's reputation for vigour -he was once known to play squash almost daily -was dented in 2003 when he fainted while addressing parliament.
Officials blamed his collapse on a cold and the fact that he had been fasting during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan.
In 2004, he underwent surgery in Germany for a slipped disc, and he returned to Germany in March 2010 for the removal of his gall bladder and a growth on the small intestine.
Rumours that he had died under the knife were dispelled when state television showed him recovering.
Mubarak's health was usually a taboo subject in Egypt and the father of two, whose wife Suzanne is half Welsh, kept his private life a carefully guarded secret.
In 2007, speculation about his health snowballed to the extent that Mubarak made an unscheduled public appearance to lay rumours to rest.
The octogenarian, with jet black hair - possibly dyed - and aquiline nose was born on May 4, 1928 in the Nile Delta village of Menufiyah.
He rose through the ranks of the air force and fought in repeated wars with Israel, to claim hero status, before supporting Sadat in pursuing peace with the Jewish state in 1979.
Throughout his years in power, Mubarak maintained the unpopular policy of peace with Israel and accommodation with the West that cost Sadat his life.
His government, overseeing a developing nation of 80 million people, was the frequent target of domestic opposition -ranging from the Muslim Brotherhood to secular and liberal dissidents.
But the regime quashed militant groups which carried out attacks in the 1980s, 1990s and, more recently, 2004 and 2006 when the tourism industry was targeted.
His government's ties with the United States and Israel made him a target of criticism across the region, especially during the 2006 Israeli war in Lebanon and Israel's Gaza offensive in 2008-2009.
Domestic opponents accused Washington of turning a blind eye to human rights abuses, corruption and the Mubarak regime's failure to push ahead with badly needed reforms.
