Global spending on defence rose by four per cent in 2019, the largest growth in 10 years, led by big increases in the US and China, a study said on Friday.

The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) said the rise was fuelled by growing rivalries between big powers, new military technologies and rumbling conflicts from Ukraine to Libya.

Beijing's military modernisation programme — which includes developing new hard-to-detect hypersonic missiles — is alarming Washington and helping drive US defence spending, the IISS said.

Its annual “Military Balance” report said the increase alone in US spending from 2018 to 2019 — $53.4 billion — was almost as big as Britain's entire defence budget.

“Spending rose as economies recovered from the effects of the financial crisis, but increases have also been driven by sharpening threat perceptions,” IISS chief John Chipman said, launching the report at the Munich Security Conference.

Both the US and China increased spending by 6.6pc, the report said, to $684.6 billion and $181.1 billion respectively.

Europe — driven by ongoing concerns about Russia — stepped up by 4.2pc, but this only brought the continent's defence spending back to 2008 levels, before the global financial crisis saw budgets slashed.

European Nato members have been seeking to increase spending to placate President Donald Trump, who has repeatedly accused them of freeloading on the US.

Trump has railed at European allies, particularly Germany, for not living up to a 2014 Nato pledge to spend 2pc of GDP on defence.

The mercurial president's anger over spending has fuelled concern about his commitment to the transatlantic alliance, culminating in an explosive 2018 summit where he launched a blistering public attack on Germany in a televised meeting with Chancellor Angela Merkel.

Giving the opening address at the annual security gathering, German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier warned that Trump's “America First” strategy had shaken up the international order and fuelled insecurity.

“We are witnessing today an increasingly destructive momentum in global politics,” Steinmeier said.

“Every year we are getting further and further away from our goal of creating a more peaceful world through international cooperation.”

New technology

Key elements of the international order that developed after the Second World War have come under increasing challenge.

The collapse last year of the Cold War-era Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty and the doubts surrounding the renewal of the New START arms reduction treaty, which expires in 2021, have contributed to the mood of instability, the IISS report said.

China's programme of military modernisation — described by the IISS as “striking for its scale, speed and ambition” — has unsettled Washington as well as its allies in the Pacific.

In October, Beijing showed off new technologies including its DF-17 hypersonic glide vehicle — designed to deliver warheads at huge speeds so as to avoid interception.

Russia, pursuing its own modernisation project, has already announced the entry into service of its own hypersonic missile system.

Dubbed Avangard, the system has been tested at speeds of Mach 27, or roughly 33,000 kilometres (20,500 miles) per hour, according to Moscow.

Hypersonic missiles are worrying Western officials because they are so fast and so manoeuvrable that they make existing defence systems useless and give almost no warning of attack.

A senior Nato official warned that in a hypersonic missile strike, it may not even be clear what the target is “until there's a boom on the ground”.

Elsewhere, spending in Asia is booming — growing more than 50pc in a decade, rising from $275 billion in 2010 to $423 billion in 2019 in real terms as the continent's economic success has allowed countries to invest more in their militaries.