Before he walked into a Pittsburgh synagogue with three handguns and an assault rifle, authorities say, professed his desired to “kill Jews” and opened fire, Robert Bowers was radicalised. He became an angry white nationalist who authorities say killed 11 people in an act of hate.

Since the attacks of September 11, 2001, and the rise of the Islamic State, researchers have intensively studied what makes someone a terrorist and how people become radicalised. Arie Kruglanski, a research psychologist at the University of Maryland, has found that although the subject matter of their extremism may be different, the way in which neo-Nazis, the Ku Klux Klan and members of the Islamic State evolve from merely disgruntled to violently angry is the same.

“It’s the quest for significance,” Kruglanksi said. “The quest to matter.”

The psychology of how someone becomes radicalised

For radicalisation to occur, there are three necessary ingredients, according to Kruglanski’s research. The first is the universal need to live a worthwhile life — to have significance. People usually satisfy this need through socially accepted means, “like working hard, having families, other kinds of achievements,” Kruglanski said. Radicals instead tend to place significance on their gender, religion or race.

The second is “the narrative,” which gives someone permission to use violence. Kruglanski said the narrative is usually that there is an enemy attacking your group, and the radical must fight to gain or maintain respect, honour or glory.

The third necessary component is the community, or the network of people who validate the narrative and the violence.

Bowers had all three pillars of radicalisation, Kruglanski observed.

Before the attack, “he had very little significance — odds and ends jobs,” and no family, Kruglanski said. His neighbours never interacted with him and he did not seem to have many friends. He does not appear to have finished high school, and classmates barely remembered him. “But he was a white male, and that made him part of a white majority.”

Kruglanski said that the immediate threat to Bowers’ significance, his white majority, was the caravan of immigrants on its way to the US, which prominent conservatives linked to the Jewish community by suggesting that George Soros, a Holocaust survivor, was paying for and organising the caravan.

When someone or something threatens to take away “the only kind of significance these people have,” Kruglanski said, “they are ready to sacrifice all other considerations and engage in a violent act, and pay a very dear price for it.”

Tony McAleer, a former skinhead and organiser for White Aryan Resistance, said Kruglanski’s model is “spot on.” Not only did he experience the search for significance, narrative and networking that got him into hate groups when he was young, but he sees the pattern play out in the stories of other “formers” as well.

“Although, there is some nuance,” McAleer said. “Everybody wants to belong, and sometimes there’s a little serendipity to who you meet and who accepts you.” In some cases, the group itself might help a person determine what their significance is.

Hate crimes are on the rise, hitting a new high in 2016, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, which recorded more than 6,000 incidents that year. An independent study found a spike in hate crimes specifically around the 2016 election. When someone with radical or conspiratorial notions enters a position of authority, Kruglanski said, it can be a game changer.

“These politicians, like [President Trump], are giving the ideas credibility,” Kruglanski said. “It legitimises the narrative. It’s no longer a despised, fringe group — it’s part of the mainstream.”

And once someone is radicalised, it becomes significantly more difficult to reason with the person. At that point, McAleer said, ideology and identity are intertwined. If you attack the ideology, you’re attacking the person.

Instead, McAleer said, the person has to first disengage from the community before deradicalisation is possible. That’s how he went from an active white nationalist to a father of two and co-founder of Life After Hate, a nonprofit that helps people leave radical groups. The small organisation has just three full-time employees in addition to its volunteers, and has been overwhelmed by the number of people reaching out for help in the past year.

“Since Charlottesville, we’ve helped about 125 people,” McAleer said. The group is working on a three-day training course to teach medical professionals and law enforcement about white nationalism and give them tools to interrupt the process before violence happens.

Deradicalisation, Kruglanski said, requires exposing the person “to a different, more pro-social narrative, and particularly getting them attracted to alternative networks that give them respect.” He said it’s not enough to shut down extremist websites and attempt to isolate a group’s members, because that “allows them to stew in their own narrative.”

Preventing radicalisation also requires a decline in incendiary, hateful rhetoric, especially from people they admire.

“There are many miserable people who have this quest for significance,” Kruglanski said. “Without the narrative and without the group, they would be just that. Miserable.”

By arrangement with The Washington Post 

Published in Dawn, EOS, November 11th, 2018