The United States dollar surged to a 20-year high against a basket of currencies on Monday after Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell signalled interest rates would be kept higher for longer to bring down soaring inflation.

The dollar index scaled to a fresh two-decade peak of 109.44 in the Asia trade, with greenback strength pushing other major currencies to new lows and putting pressure on its emerging markets counterparts.

The dollar hit 138.88 against the Japanese yen, the highest since July 21, while the offshore yuan fell to a fresh two-year low of 6.93 per dollar.

Sterling also fell to a 2-1/2-year low of $1.1656 and was last down 0.61 per cent to $1.16, while the euro fell 0.49pc to $0.99.

The moves extended dollar gains made on Friday when Powell warned there would be “some pain” for households and businesses as it will take time for the Fed to control inflation.

“Powell made it clear that there is no dovish pivot as some market participants had expected,” Carol Kong, senior associate for currency strategy and international economics at Commonwealth Bank of Australia, said.

“I think for this week, the (US dollar index) is going to track even higher towards 110 points, just as market participants continue to price in more aggressive tightening cycles by the major central banks.”

Yields on US Treasuries were also up on Monday on the back of Powell’s comments, with the two-year yields rising to 3.49pc, the highest since late 2007, while the 10-year yields stood at around 3.12pc.

Markets are now pricing in about a 76.5pc chance of a 75 basis point rate hike at the next Fed meeting in September.

“While the discussion on the magnitude of rate hikes may start to take a backseat from here, focus will shift to peak rates and how long those will be held,” said Charu Chanana, market strategist at Saxo Capital Markets.

Despite the potential for a hike that big at the European Central Bank’s (ECB) September policy meeting, the euro has struggled with investors more focused on an energy crisis in the bloc.

Markets are pricing in the risk that the ECB could hike by 75 basis points next month, after some policymakers flagged interest in such a big move.

However, Saxo’s Chanana said the bigger focus will be on the Nord Stream maintenance and how quickly the pipeline comes back to operation, as Russian state energy giant Gazprom is expected to halt natural gas supplies to Europe this week, from Aug 31 to Sept 2.

Similarly, the risk-sensitive Australian and New Zealand dollars struggled to hold gains on Monday.

The Aussie was down 0.7pc to $0.68, the lowest since July 19, while the kiwi hit a new one-month low of $0.61.

In cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin remained below the $20,000 level as investor sentiment dipped, and was last down 3.89pc to $19,843.02.