At least 10,000 people were killed in the Chinese army's crackdown on pro-democracy protesters in Beijing's Tiananmen Square in June 1989, according to a newly released British diplomatic cable that recounts the bloodshed in gruesome detail.
The document, made public more than 28 years after the event, describes injured girls being bayoneted, bodies being ground up by armoured vehicles and human remains being flushed into the sewers.
“Minimum estimate of civilian dead 10,000,” the then British ambassador Alan Donald said in the secret telegram to London seen by AFP at Britain's National Archives.
The estimate, given on June 5, 1989, the day after the crackdown, is almost 10 times higher than that commonly accepted at the time of several hundred to more than a thousand dead.
But experts questioned by AFP said the 10,000 figure seemed credible.
Donald's account gives horrific details of the violence unleashed on the night of June 3-4, when the army entered Beijing to end seven weeks of protests on Tiananmen Square, the symbolic heart of Communist power.
During their advance, armoured personnel carriers “opened fire on the crowd (both civilians and soldiers) before running over them in their APCs”, wrote the ambassador.
He said his source was a person who “was passing on information given to him by a close friend who is currently a member of the State Council” — the Chinese cabinet.
He said the source had previously proved reliable “and was careful to separate fact from speculation and rumour”.
Once the soldiers arrived in Tiananmen Square, “students understood they were given one hour to leave square but after five minutes APCs attacked,” Donald wrote.
“Students linked arms but were mown down including soldiers. APCs then ran over bodies time and time again to make 'pie' and remains collected by bulldozer. Remains incinerated and then hosed down drains.”
“Four wounded girl students begged for their lives but were bayoneted,” Donald said, adding: “Army ambulances who attempted to give aid were shot up.”
At the end of June 1989, the Chinese government had said suppression of the “counter-revolutionary riots” had killed 200 civilians and several dozen police and military.
Nearly three decades after the crackdown, the communist regime continues to forbid any debate on the subject, mention of which is banned from textbooks and the media, and censored on the Internet.
There was no sign of reaction to the report on Chinese social media, where an army of online censors blocks any reference to the Tiananmen crackdown and most things critical of the Communist Party.
Donald said the atrocities were committed by the 27th Army, who he described as “60 per cent illiterate and are called primitives”.
He said the crackdown had created deep rifts within the military and that “some members of the State Council considered that civil war is imminent”.
As to the credibility of the toll, former student protest leader Xiong Yan, who is now an American citizen, said: “I think it's reliable.”
China scholar Jean-Pierre Cabestan also said the figure was credible, pointing out that recently declassified US documents gave a similar assessment.
“That's two pretty independent sources which say the same thing,” said Cabestan, a professor at Hong Kong Baptist University.
The British ambassador's report was “not particularly astonishing considering how crowded it was in Beijing, the number of people mobilised” against the Chinese government, said Cabestan, who was in the Chinese capital in the days leading up to the crackdown.
Former student leader Feng Congde, now also based in the US, pointed out that Donald had sent another telegram three weeks later putting the death toll at between 2,700 and 3,400.
Feng said the toll was quite credible and fitted with figures from the Chinese Red Cross, who at the time estimated 2,700 fatalities, and by student committees based on hospital reports.
