• Laments non-formation of national commission despite legislation being in place
• Recommends reviewing school curricula to counter bigotry, promote inclusivity
• Calls on Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to raise marriage age to 18 years, stresses need to curb hate speech
LAHORE: The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) warned that religious minorities continue to face violations of fundamental rights, including the misuse of blasphemy laws, forced marriages and conversions, and discriminatory practices, despite recent legislative measures aimed at protecting them.
In its seventh annual report on freedom of religion or belief, released on Thursday, the commission welcomed the passage of the National Commission for Minorities Act 2025 and laws in Punjab and Balochistan raising the minimum marriageable age to 18. However, it noted that the National Commission for Minorities had yet to be constituted, raising questions about the government’s commitment to implementing the legislation.
The report said hundreds of people accused of blasphemy remained in legal limbo, while alleged perpetrators of an organised entrapment network had yet to be investigated. It also documented attacks on the Ahmadi community, including two extremist attacks in Chenab Nagar, and increasingly overt attempts to exclude Ahmadis from public and commercial life.
Similarly, girls belonging to Christian and Hindu communities continued to face abductions and forced marriages, compounded by poverty and inadequate police responses, the report said. Discriminatory employment practices, the ‘distortion’ of school curricula, and the marginalisation of minority concerns in mainstream media further undermine the principle of equal citizenship, it added.
At the report’s launch, HRCP Director Farah Zia warned that the state’s approach to religious minorities was becoming increasingly exclusionary. Minority rights defender Nabila Feroz Bhatti highlighted the case of Kamran Gill, a Christian medical practitioner from Sheikhupura, whose dispensary was set ablaze by a mob on Oct 9 following allegations that he had shared blasphemous content on social media. HRCP Punjab vice-chair Raja Ashraf said blasphemy accusations had become a means of exploiting and endangering vulnerable people.
Community representative Amir Mahmood drew attention to restrictions on Ahmadis’ freedom of expression and assembly, recalling that the community’s last public gathering had taken place more than 40 years ago.
Former HRCP chairperson Hina Jilani highlighted the institutional nature of discrimination against minorities, saying: “Democracy should have no concept of ‘minority’ and ‘majority’.”
The report called on the federal government to implement the National Commission for Minorities Act without further delay by constituting the commission, framing its rules and appointing its chairperson and members in accordance with the law.
It urged federal and provincial governments to publish annual, disaggregated data on blasphemy cases, mob violence, forced conversion complaints and prison conditions to improve transparency and enable independent scrutiny of official claims.
The HRCP also called on Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to enact legislation setting the minimum marriageable age at 18 for both men and women, bringing the province in line with the laws recently adopted in Punjab and Balochistan.
It recommended prompt legal action against individuals and groups inciting violence, mandatory training for police and investigative agencies, including the Federal Investigation Agency, on freedom of religion or belief, and stronger safeguards for human rights defenders, lawyers and journalists working on minority rights.
The report further called for an end to discriminatory recruitment practices that confine many religious minorities to sanitation work and urged an overhaul of the Evacuee Trust Property Board to make it more transparent, accountable, and representative of minority communities.
It recommended that the federal government constitute an inquiry commission under the Pakistan Commission of Inquiry Act 2017 to examine findings of the Punjab Police Special Branch and the National Commission for Human Rights in October 2024.
The report also called for regular monitoring of seminaries linked to allegations of forced conversions and underage marriages, and recommended that religious conversions take place in court or in the presence of a government official.
Emphasising the need to curb hate speech, the HRCP urged authorities to take legal action against incitement to violence, particularly on social media, while respecting the freedom of speech guaranteed under Article 19 of the Constitution.
It called for improvements in police intelligence gathering, crowd control and community policing to prevent mob violence, as well as effective departmental accountability mechanisms to address corruption within law enforcement agencies.
The report recommended reviewing school curricula to counter religious bigotry and promote inclusivity and pluralism, operationalising provincial research centres envisaged under countering violent extremism laws, and keeping interfaith committees active throughout the year.
It also urged authorities to prevent pressure from bar associations and religious groups from influencing police and district administrations to act against particular sects or minority communities.
The HRCP called for full implementation of the Supreme Court’s 2014 judgement on religious freedoms, protection of minority places of worship and the reopening of Ahmadi places of worship closed on grounds of alleged threats to public order.
Given the severity of blasphemy charges, it recommended that investigations under Section 295C of the Pakistan Penal Code be conducted by senior-ranking officials. It also called for public awareness campaigns explaining sensitive laws carrying capital punishment, the methods used in alleged entrapment schemes in the digital age and developments in cyber laws.
The report stressed that mainstream media should represent all segments of society, particularly marginalised groups, and stated that no place of worship should be demolished without a clear court order issued after hearing both sides.
Published in Dawn, October 16th, 2026
