Inside a lab in the French city of Orleans, scientists are testing out the limits of molecules in our body called messenger RNA — best known for being used in Covid-19 vaccines — in the hopes of finding a breakthrough treatment for a particularly deadly cancer.

Messenger RNA, or mRNA, are molecules that carry genetic information from the DNA in every cell in the body to create specific proteins.

“For cancer, this message will stimulate the patient’s ability to effectively fight tumours,” Dimitri Szymczak, project manager of French research institute Inserm’s ART lab in Orleans, told AFP.

While mRNA was discovered in the early 1960s, it rose to global prominence when scientists used it to swiftly develop next-generation vaccines during the Covid pandemic, earning the medicine Nobel prize in 2023.

Today, most research in the field is focused on developing vaccines to fight cancer, but mRNA holds “many other possibilities”, ART lab’s head Chantal Pichon said.

“It can be used to boost immunity, compensate for malfunctioning cells“, target rare or genetic diseases — and even treat allergies, she added.

There are more than 200 mRNA clinical trials being conducted by both big pharma firms and new start-ups around the world, many of them in the United States, China and Japan, Pichon said.

But France has “some of the best fundamental research teams working on mRNA”, she added.

At the ART lab in Orleans, the scientists are making different kinds of mRNA to “test them on cells to check they are not toxic and that they work”, Szymczak said.

Bunker buster

The RNA used in experiments are usually produced in test tubes, a costly process often patented by US companies.

However, some of the lab’s scientists are seeking an alternative by creating the RNAs in yeast, which has the potential to slash costs by 10 to 50 times.

But these RNAs then need to be cleaned and checked to make sure they meet the requirements of the pharmaceutical industry.

Another team is trying to find a new treatment for pancreatic cancer, which has an extremely low survival rate after being diagnosed.

The survival rate has risen “from five per cent in 2000 to 10 per cent today”, ART gastroenterologist Birane Beye said.

The only slight improvement over two decades of effort shows “that therapies like chemotherapy and immunotherapy aren’t working very well”, he added.

Seeking a breakthrough, French scientists are trying to combine an mRNA vaccine with ultrasound technology.

“The idea is to use the mRNA to teach immune cells to defend themselves against this very aggressive cancer,” Beye explained.

First, a powerful ultrasound is used to “create vibrations inside the tissue that generate gas bubbles”, he said.

“When these bubbles burst, they destroy the barrier surrounding the pancreatic cancer — which is a bit like a bunker — allowing the mRNA vaccine to penetrate the tumour.”

So far, they have shown that ultrasounds can be used on the pancreas — and that this technique can improve the results of conventional treatments.

Next up, the scientists hope they can use the power of mRNA to increase the survival of pancreatic cancer patients.

Thursday is World Pancreatic Cancer Day, which aims to spread awareness of the deadly cancer.

US FDA approves Bayer drug for specific type of lung cancer

Separately, the United States’ Food and Drug Administration (FDA) said on Wednesday that it has approved Bayer’s drug for patients with a form of lung cancer that has advanced or spread despite earlier treatments.

The drug, branded as Hyrnuo, is approved for non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients with mutations affecting the HER2 protein, which plays a crucial role in regulating cell growth and development, as identified by an FDA-approved test.

Bayer’s oral drug belongs to a class of drugs known as kinase inhibitors, which block the action of protein kinases that regulate cell growth. The monthly list price for Hyrnuo is $24,000.

Approval of Bayer’s drug also heats up competition with privately held Boehringer Ingelheim’s Hernexeos, another kinase inhibitor, approved in August for a challenging form of lung cancer.

Hyrnuo’s approval “provides a welcome addition to the treatment space”, said Bayer executive Chandrasekhar Goda.

In studies, 71pc of the 70 patients who received Hyrnuo, after previous cancer treatments but not those targeting the HER2 mutation, saw their tumours shrink or disappear.

In another group of 52 patients who had prior systemic therapy, including HER2-targeting treatments, Bayer’s drug helped shrink tumours in 38pc of them.

NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer, with about 80pc to 85pc of all cases.

Antibody-drug conjugates such as AbbVie’s Emrelis are also approved for a type of NSCLC.

The class of therapies acts as “guided missiles” that target only cancer cells while sparing healthy cells, unlike conventional chemotherapy. Other treatment options for NSCLC include Merck’s blockbuster Keytruda and AstraZeneca’s Tagrisso.

The FDA also approved the Life Technologies Corporation’s test as a companion diagnostic device to help detect the mutations in patients who may be eligible for Bayer’s drug.