ISLAMABAd: The Mughal Empire, celebrated as an economic superpower of its time, a beacon of cultural refinement, and a pioneer of architectural marvels, was also a stage for some of history’s most powerful and influential women.

Often overshadowed by their male counterparts, these women played pivotal roles in shaping the empire’s political, cultural and social landscape. From governance and diplomacy to art and architecture, the women of the Mughal dynasty were far more than consorts—they were rulers, advisors, scholars and patrons who left an indelible mark on South Asian history.

This was the essence of a captivating presentation titled ‘Women of the Mughal Empire: Power, Politics and Patronage’ by Zeenut Ziad, a renowned Mughal history expert, at Serena Hotel on Thursday.

The event was organised by the Asian Study Group (ASG), drawing an audience including members from the diplomatic community eager to explore the often-overlooked contributions of Mughal women.

Ms Ziad began her lecture with two compelling anecdotes that highlighted the strength and autonomy of Mughal women.

The first story was about Isan Daulat Begum, Babur’s grandmother and chief adviser, who served as his regent and set the stage for generations of strong Mughal women.

The second story focused on Hamida Banu Begum, the wife of Emperor Humayun and mother of Akbar, whose competence was so highly regarded that Akbar entrusted her with the administration of his capital, Fatehpur Sikri, while he was away at war.

Ms Ziad then delved into the lives of other remarkable Mughal women who shaped the empire’s destiny. Khanzada Begum, Babur’s sister, was a key figure in maintaining alliances and mediating conflicts, showcasing her diplomatic prowess.

One of the most iconic figures discussed was Nur Jahan, the wife of Jahangir.

Often regarded as one of the most powerful women in Mughal history, Nur Jahan effectively co-ruled the empire, issuing royal decrees, controlling trade, and even leading military strategies. Her influence extended beyond politics to art and architecture, leaving a legacy.

The presentation also highlighted the contributions of Jahanara Begum, the daughter of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal.

As the Padshah Begum (First Lady), Jahanara managed the royal household, acted as a political advisor and played a crucial role during her father’s imprisonment by Aurangzeb.

Another notable figure was Bakhtun Nisa, Akbar’s half-sister, who was appointed governor of Kabul after her brother rebelled in 1581. Her appointment underscored the trust and authority Mughal women could command.

Similarly, Raushanara Begum, after Aurangzeb’s ascension, became the Padshah Begum and a powerful political figure in her own right.

Ms Ziad emphasised the societal and cultural environment that enabled Mughal women to attain such autonomy.

She highlighted the pluralism of Islamic civilisation, which promoted equality, respect for all religions and the importance of knowledge and reason.

The Turkic roots of the Mughals also played a crucial role, as Turkic women historically enjoyed independent and equal status. Islam further fortified these rights, granting women inheritance, education, employment and property ownership.

The Mughals, inspired by this inclusive vision, created a multicultural empire in the Indian subcontinent. Their political system was built on alliances and local representation, guided by Akbar’s vision of Sulh-e-Kul (universal harmony).

Through far-reaching reforms in the economy, administration, agriculture, and trade, the Mughal Empire became a global economic superpower, accounting for 27pc of the world’s GDP in 1700.

By the time the British left India, this figure had plummeted to a mere 3pc in 1947.

Mughal women enjoyed significant financial independence, with some ranking among the wealthiest individuals of their time. They received generous salaries, managed jagirs (land grants), operated caravanserais, and engaged in international trade.

Education was another cornerstone of Mughal society, with both men and women receiving rigorous training in philosophy, mathematics, logic, poetry, history and the sciences. Women were also trained in riding and hunting, reflecting their multifaceted roles.

Ms Ziad also discussed the cultural and architectural achievements of the Mughals. While they introduced the Persian language and culture, they also interacted with and influenced indigenous traditions, creating a syncretic cultural landscape.

Sufi mystics played a key role in fostering religious and cultural harmony, further enriching the empire’s legacy.

The lecture concluded with reflections on the Mughal Empire’s legacy, blending grandeur, cultural synthesis and missed opportunities for broader social and scientific progress.

Mr Hissan, a young Pakistani Canadian doctor, shared his thoughts with Dawn, emphasising the need to analyse empires through the lens of class conflict. “The stories of these women,” he said, “serve as a powerful reminder of the enduring impact of female leadership and creativity.

Published in Dawn, February 1st, 2025