LONDON: Whether George Bush or John Kerry wins the White House next Tuesday (Nov 2), the next president faces an overflowing in-tray of international problems.
America's global power has never been greater. But never, since the September 11 catastrophe, has America's global leadership been under such sustained challenge. Rarely have issues of foreign policy had such a direct, existential bearing on America's sense of itself and its security. Rarely has what the American president decides mattered so much to so many.
The most immediate worry is the security situation in Iraq. As the US tries to steer the country to elections in January, the predicted surge in violence may be compounded by a Sunni Muslim poll boycott. The insurgent redoubt of Fallujah is again the likely, lethal flashpoint.
Iran's nuclear ambitions are moving up the agenda. On November 25, the International Atomic Energy Agency must decide whether to report Iran to the UN security council. If it does so, punitive sanctions could follow. If the UN fails to agree, the White House will come under pressure, not least from Israel, to consider unilateral measures including possible military action.
The next president will also quickly face demands, from Britain's Tony Blair among others, to launch a new drive to resolve the Israel-Palestine conflict - which many European and Arab governments view as a precondition for winning the "war on terror".
Other problems in need of action include the humanitarian crisis in Sudan that Congress has termed genocide but which is proving resistant to international remedies.
Some European diplomats fear a second Bush term could open the way for a sweeping expansion of Republican neo-conservative policies. This would only exacerbate existing divisions over issues such as the Kyoto climate change treaty, global trade and development, and international law.
Victory for Mr Kerry would entail different kinds of uncertainty. A sort of interregnum would ensue until his inauguration next January. Once in office, a new Democratic administration would take months to settle in - confronted in all probability by a hostile Republican-controlled Congress.
Whoever wins, these are some of the principal issues facing the next president:
ANTI-AMERICANISM: The Bush presidency has brought a surge in anti-American sentiment, notably in the Arab, Muslim and European spheres. This phenomenon is undermining US influence and effectiveness across the board, making it difficult to persuade others to follow America's lead.
For the first time, the US is seen by majorities in many countries, especially by younger Muslims, as a potential enemy rather than a friend.
Such conclusions are borne out by a clutch of international opinion surveys and by an official worldwide study undertaken last year by a former US ambassador, Edward Djerejian. He found the US was losing the battle for hearts and minds. Since then, the Guantanamo Bay and Abu Ghraib abuse scandals have further damaged America's standing abroad.
TERRORISM: While the next president will be under intense pressure to win the "war on terror", it remains unclear exactly who or where the enemy is - or how it can best be defeated.
Despite the elimination of some leading Al Qaeda figures, Osama bin Laden remains at large. Meanwhile, Al Qaeda's cause has devolved to loose-knit, copycat groups in countries such as Saudi Arabia, Chechnya and Pakistan. The Iraq insurgency has proved both magnet and recruiting sergeant for Islamist extremists.
Mr Bush has repeatedly claimed to have Al Qaeda and its affiliates on the run. But a report this month by the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London estimated that Al Qaeda can potentially draw on 18,000 operatives in 60 countries. Al Qaeda, it said, had been "galvanised" by the Iraq war.
Unless remedial action is taken, the "war on terror" will continue to be destabilising in geo-political terms. It has been used by states such as Israel, Russia and China to justify harsher treatment of nationalists and separatists. It has drawn the US into problematic alliances with undemocratic regimes in central Asia. And it has led to divisive erosion of civil liberties abroad and in the US.
PROLIFERATION: Mr Bush and Mr Kerry agree that the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction is the single most serious threat to international security. While the next president's focus will be on Iran and North Korea, a bigger fear is that non-state actors such as Al Qaeda will obtain WMD. North Korea claims already to have nuclear weapons. Multilateral negotiations to induce it to disarm have stalled. Mr Kerry says he will talk directly to Pyongyang, something Mr Bush refuses to do.
Syria is another concern, as is a region-wide Middle East WMD arms race should Iran obtain the bomb. Unsecured WMD-related stockpiles in the former Soviet Union and smuggling rings like that uncovered in Pakistan are also a big worry vis a vis future terrorist capabilities.
All these problems are compounded by the weakness of international regulation, inspection and verification regimes and by the "double standards" of existing nuclear powers which refuse to renounce their weapons.
CONFLICT ZONES: The US urgently needs more international military and UN civilian support in Iraq. Washington will ask Nato and Muslim countries to contribute additional troops at a conference in Egypt next month. Severe US military over-stretch lies behind the recent, controversial request for British redeployments in Iraq. Overall, meeting America's myriad global military commitments is becoming increasingly expensive and problematic in terms of personnel, hence the speculation about a post-election draft.
MULTILATERALISM: US relations with leading European Union countries, especially France, are in need of repair. But trade and other disputes with the EU will certainly figure on the next president's agenda.
More fundamentally challenging is the EU's gradual emergence as a global political player. Its development of a collective military capability, potentially undermining Nato, is a gauntlet that the White House may be obliged to pick up.-Dawn/The Guardian News Service.
Dear visitor, the comments section is undergoing an overhaul and will return soon.