United States-backed fighters have seized 90 per cent of Raqqa from the militant Islamic State (IS) group, a monitoring said on Wednesday as they announced they were in the “final stages” of capturing the terrorists' Syrian stronghold.

Under siege in the northern city for three months, IS is struggling to defend its one-time bastion under a barrage of air strikes by the US-led coalition battling the militants in Syria and Iraq.

“Because of the heavy coalition air strikes, IS withdrew from at least five key neighbourhoods over the past 48 hours,” said Rami Abdel Rahman, head of the Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.

“This allowed the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) to control 90pc of the city.”

The SDF is an alliance of Kurdish and Arab forces the coalition is backing in Syria with air strikes, equipment and advisers.

IS pulled out of the north of the city and abandoned its grain silos and mills, and was now confined to the city centre, Abdel Rahman said.

The SDF said its forces had mounted a “surprise attack” on IS in the city's north.

“We consider this the final stages of the Wrath of the Euphrates campaign, which is nearing its end,” the statement said.

IS seized Raqqa in early 2014, transforming the city into the de facto Syrian capital of the “caliphate” it declared after taking control of large parts of Syria and Iraq.

It quickly became synonymous with the group's most gruesome atrocities, including public beheadings, and IS is thought to have used the city to plan attacks abroad.

Resistance not to last long

The SDF spent months encircling the city before entering it in June and sealing off all access routes. Abdel Rahman said the siege had worn down IS's defensive capabilities.

“After hundreds of their fighters were killed in recent weeks, the remaining IS fighters will not be able to resist much longer in Raqqa as their military equipment and basic necessities are dwindling,” he said.

Without food or medical equipment, IS was unable to treat its own wounded and had retreated to the city centre, which it considered “the most secure,” he said.

But the battle for the 10 per cent of the city still held by IS will likely be tough, as the militants had heavily mined the area, Abdel Rahman said.

IS has used mines, snipers, car bombs, and weaponised drones against the SDF offensive.

Tens of thousands of civilians have fled the fighting in recent months.

Estimates of the number still inside the city range from fewer than 10,000 to as many as 25,000.

“We will continue the campaign until we achieve our aim,” Jihan Sheikh Ahmed, the SDF's spokeswoman for the Raqqa offensive told AFP.

AFP journalists on Tuesday saw a military convoy of US-made vehicles, bulldozers, and arms being transported through northeastern Syria.

Syria's conflict broke out in March 2011 with protests against President Bashar al-Assad, but has since evolved into a complex, multi-front war.

More than 330,000 people have been killed and millions have been forced to flee their homes.