Democracy without let or hindrance
By Syed Zafar Ali Shah
ONE can, these days, hardly miss observing signs of pre-poll rigging of the forthcoming general election. Pre-planned and blatant rigging down to the locations of the polling stations and the staff to man them in focused constituencies is too evident to go unnoticed if one ventures to reach the grassroots’ level.
Parties, groups and individuals nestled with the government are feeling cozy wishing to be of any use to the junta in return for the favour of getting their electoral victory ensured. The numbers game has been rather easy for the governments in Pakistan’s history to manage.
If the locations of polling stations are in such villages as have smaller community and are not easily accessible by means of good roads and better still if the notable of the area is an ally of the party in power, such place is preferred to the one that has larger population, multiple communities, roads, shops and is a central place and has no rogue or intimidating notable available to manipulate large scale fraud.
Selections of favourable locations for polling stations are not enough to implement the rigging plan. The services of pliant and obedient officials to man the polling stations and facilitate rigging and casting of bogus voting is, therefore, of utmost importance without which the numbers game cannot be materially effective.
The assertion of the Chief Election Commissioner that the polling stations would not be permitted in the buildings which are owned or are under the influence of a candidate is merely sidetracking the issue of rigging. This writer has seen wholesale change of many key polling stations made in his home district, and those have been proposed to Election Commission by the mukhtiarkars who are grade 16 employees of the government.
The same is the case with the selection of personnel of polling stations. This has been done before the returning officers were notified by the EC. The chances, therefore, of rectifying the wrong to the extent of the required magnitude are slim unless the Election Commission directs that the locations of previous general election must remain unchanged.
If, however, the number of polling stations needs to be increased, it should be done in a transparent and fair manner. In fact, this writer suggested this to the Election Commission in writing. Recently, this demand has come from one of the two mainstream political parties, ie the Pakistan People’s Party.
It is, thus, hard to make any sense of the power game being played at the national, provincial and the local levels excepting one only. It is, that, the regime has become deeply involved in the results of the October election, that the present non-party government has become the most prominent party-based. To an extent it does not seem to be bothered to camouflage the status and authority granted to their allies, who are swiftly making election alliances and romping pompously. Ministers have been inducted into the Sindh cabinet recently who belong to a (government- sponsored alliance and they find time touring back and forth, mostly waffling inanities for public consumption.
The Chief Election Commissioner has demanded that the ministers should resign their posts if they wish to contest elections but at least one minister has posed a defiant note. The governor of Sindh, if the Sindhi press is to be believed, says that if more parties contact the government, it would consider inducting their members into the cabinet also.
On that account, the present government has been showing that it is the establishment that is mainly responsible for bringing into power the kind of politicians it wishes to. How on earth can then the junta absolve itself of the blame in the mess that the country has been in since for long time? Can one ask, how and why would any political party become democratic and stable as the present set of laws on the subject require of them, when it is not the people who ‘freely’ choose their representatives?
The Election Commission has said that it has obtained lists of defaulters of loans and utility bills from the agencies concerned. Those should be made available so that the political parties and candidates are aware of their liabilities. It has been chaotic that suddenly the candidates have to face such demand, sometimes not justifiable, and there is a scramble to clear it. There are, this time, new laws demanding assets and several other declarations from the candidates apart from their graduation certificates.
It is offending to sensibilities of citizens of a free country to prove their eligibility for membership of parliament. Many of new qualifications and disqualifications (more than two dozens under the 8th Amendment of 1985) have been in existence and several general elections were held under those eligibility conditions. If those could not produce the kind of parliament as the present junta wishes to see, how can more such conditions bring a different one.
A new scene has emerged, particularly in Sindh. After the union councils were elected, the government surprised many political observers as it was interested in getting those candidates elected as tehsil and the district Nazims who were contesting against the PPP and the PML (N) candidates. Now, particularly after the referendum of 2002, the situation has taken an abrupt turn for the worse. There appears to be hardly any check on the power and authority of the Nazims who are the allies of the government.
Opposite is the case where the Nazims are associated with the PPP. The former have been allowed to get the officials of their choice posted where desired but it is contrary in the case of the latter who have had hard time getting anything worthwhile done in the government hierarchy. This fact may be hard to swallow by the high-ups in the federal government but it is true that at present there are no checks on the powers of the government-allied district Nazims.
A kleptocracy has been established in the name of devolution plan. District Nazims are allowed to recruit government employees and grant development schemes to their favourites. This is most unfortunate on the part of the government, which had appeared serious in its policies as enunciated by Gen Pervez Musharraf on Oct 14, l999.
Gen Ayub Khan had established Basic Democracies System in 1959 for empowering the people at the local level. He declared the new system as being nearer to the genius of the people. But in the fall of 1964, when he had to confront Miss Fatima Jinnah as the combined opposition parties’ candidate for the election of the president, he tried to manipulate, though subtly, members of the basic democracies for his election. There was a rush of the elite to join his Convention League. The system collapsed as it did not reflect the real wishes of the people and had failed to address their problems.
Similar seems to be the case of the present devolution plan created with seemingly good intentions, though at the cost of provincial autonomy — whatever little it has existed. The wholesale demolishing of the bureaucracy, for whatever it had come to be worth, and, along with that the principle of separation of powers and checks and balances, the system has failed to utilize the services of whatever bureaucratic setup exists there, for the common good.
The king’s party has come into being, and the remnants of the bureaucracy have been totally politicized. The situation at present is worse than at any time of Pakistan’s chequered socio-economic and political history.
Whenever there befalls any injustice or an instance of tyranny, the district Nazim is the point of last resort to which the aggrieved can turn. But that depends on the position the Nazim holds in the present selective hierarchy and then it would depend on his motivation too.
We have often seen in our country the human failing in honouring the oath of office the holders of high offices make. So, how much strong sense of justice would our politicians have, exceptions apart.
We, then, can easily conclude that there has never been anything wrong with the system of federal parliamentary democracy in Pakistan as was envisaged by Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah. It is the implementation part where our rulers have failed us. In fact, it is the wrongs that the rulers of our country, at a given point of time, tend to inflict upon the system.
In other words, it is a grand failure of state institutions which are often used for strengthening the individuals rather than the institutions, be it parliament, provincial assemblies, office of the president, higher judiciary, election commission, public service commissions, et al.
What indeed we need is untrammelled political and administrative structure without any interference by the establishment. What we have been doing, as remarked a venerable bureaucrat over the diabolical blunders of 1970-71 crises that led to the creation of Bangladesh, that we follow logic of force than force of logic.
The writer is a former deputy speaker of the National Assembly.


Spectre of drought in Thar
By Sohail Sangi
THAR, with a population of 1.107 million, is technically facing drought because till July 31 there was no rainfall. So, its people are getting ready to move out of the areas that would soon be in the grip of another severe drought.
Earlier, it had experienced a severe drought spell from 1997 to 2000 in which 2,565 villages were affected. Before that, the 1987 spell had caused untold miseries to the people.
In the year 2000 over 300 people and a sizable number of livestock had died because precautionary measures were not taken on time though the government officials claimed that they had undertaken rehabilitation plans by introducing uplift schemes, such as extension and improvement of wells, construction of roads and digging of water ponds.
However, for all these efforts and claims of the government, the situation had remained far from satisfactory. The government had not, according to the drought victims, taken preventive measures, which should have been its foremost preoccupation in view of the long history of drought in the area.
There is a lesson for the government in this assertion. It should now prepare short-term and long-term plans to negate/lessen the impact before this natural calamity strikes with its horrendous effects.
The Asian Development Bank has funded a $100 million drought mitigation programme whose closing year is 2004. It is regrettable that the ongoing year (2001-02) of its execution has lapsed without any progress. Inactivity concerning the drought programme was observed in December last year when a major donor of the programme expressed its concern over the non-execution of the drought mitigation programme, saying a part of the project period had elapsed by five per cent but physical progress is zero.
Just after three continuous droughts the Thar region faced three problems together in 2001: one, there was less and sporadic rainfall during the monsoon; two, there was severe shortage of water in the adjacent barrage areas, particularly those fed by the Nara Canal and, three, the earthquake that had hit the area had destroyed the underground water resources, which multiplied the sufferings of the Thari people who were already battling with drought. The prolonged dry spell had also destroyed trees in most parts of Thar.
According to weathermen, the drought may linger for another two to three years. Moreover, it may turn into famine. Thus this early warning should give the government enough time to prepare plans that should be of greater help to the people. In the meantime the government, as a first step, should declare Thar a calamity-hit area in view of the sufferings of its people over the last five years.
A special package for them must include the provision of enough food and potable water, and medicines for those afflicted with TB, diarrhoea, gastroenteritis, malaria, and skin diseases. There is a danger of serious health problem if precautionary measures are not taken.
For speedy help, efficient coordination between the government and NGOs and the local people is vital. The vulnerable class of society will get more benefit from the humanitarian aid if civil society is part of a decision-making and relief supplies process.
Moreover, medium- and long-term strategies be prepared and implemented to play an effective role in keeping the situation under control. The government should prepare drought-combating programme, and all stakeholders, i.e. the common people and experts, should be consulted while designing such programmes.
These long-term efforts must aim at reducing the vulnerability of the people to drought, at managing drought and at recovering from it.
In the second stage, transportation of feed and availability of water for the livestock is the only option for reducing mortality.
There are many options for providing feed to animals, e.g. provision of credit according to the herd size so that the farmer can buy feed himself; subsidized transportation and distribution of livestock feed and establishment of animal feeding centres from where fodder can be bought.
Other measures to be taken under these options include re-stocking, food aid, vaccine and drenching campaign for livestock, schemes to support diversification of income sources, fodder development and tree plantation schemes.
Looking back at the experience of the past few decades in disaster mitigation field, it has been noted that there is a direct link between the disasters and development interventions.
This link forms the basis of the ‘alternative perspective’. The alternative perspective promotes paying more attention to mitigating and preventing disasters. That is to look at disaster as unresolved problems of development and as part of the normal development of society.
The alternative perspective argues that it is important to analyse the structural relationships within a society in normal conditions to understand the degree of vulnerability of different sections of their population to disaster.
For effective long-term disaster mitigation, we must develop strategies to change social and institutional structures which increase people’s vulnerability to disasters. Reforming these relationships lies at the root of strengthening the community’s capacity to cope with disasters.
The situation may worsen in the days to come because of paucity of torrents in the region, escalating the problems, specially for agriculturists and livestock holders. It is time for the government to act lest the situation goes out of its hand.

