THE return of 513 smuggled archaeological artefacts from the US is a welcome homecoming for objects that should never have left Pakistan. That most belong to the Gandhara civilisation makes the recovery especially significant, given the region’s importance as a crossroads of Buddhist, Greek and Central Asian influences. Yet, the uncomfortable question remains: how were these treasures allowed to disappear in the first place? Repatriation, however valuable, is only the final piece of a puzzle that began with theft, weak protection and an illicit international market willing to profit from cultural plunder. The Senate committee is therefore right to demand a comprehensive account of the smuggling network, the value of the recovered relics and the fate of those still missing. While recovering heritage is commendable, preventing its loss is the greater obligation.

The proposed museum to display these artefacts will do well to strengthen public appreciation of Pakistan’s diverse civilisational inheritance. However, preservation requires far more than exhibition space. Archaeological sites remain vulnerable to encroachment, illegal excavation and poorly supervised development, as concerns over the reported demolition of a Mughal-era structure illustrate. Equally important is ensuring that conservation meets international standards. It is encouraging that Unesco’s reservations over restoration work at Taxila appear to have been addressed through adherence to recognised conservation principles. Maintaining that credibility matters if Pakistan wishes to secure inscription for more sites on the World Heritage List and expand cultural tourism. Technology, tighter border controls, specialised investigative units and closer international cooperation must become permanent features of the fight against antiquities trafficking. Protecting Pakistan’s inheritance demands sustained political commitment, professional stewardship and meaningful accountability. The recovery of these treasures is a victory, but ensuring that no more are lost would be the greater achievement.

Published in Dawn, July 29th, 2026