PARIS: Nearly three-fifths of all animals with a backbone — fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles and mammals — have been wiped out since 1970 by human appetite and activity, according to a grim study released on Thursday.

On current trends, stocks of global wildlife could plunge two-thirds by 2020, an annual decline of two per cent, conservation group WWF and the Zoological Society of London warned in their joint biennial Living Planet report.

There is no mystery as to why: our own ever-expanding species, which has more than doubled in number since 1960 to 7.4 billion, is simply eating, crowding and poisoning its planetary co-habitants out of existence.

The findings are based on long-term monitoring of some 3,700 vertebrate species spread across more than 14,000 distinct populations around the globe.

Scientists have tracked changes in the size of those populations, not how many species are threatened with extinction.

But the news on that front is not good either: experts now agree that Earth has entered only the sixth “mass extinction event” — when species vanish at least 1,000 faster than usual — in the last half-billion years.

“Wildlife is disappearing within our lifetimes at an unprecedented rate,” said Marco Lambertini, director general of WWF International.

“Biodiversity forms the foundation of healthy forests, rivers and oceans. Take away the species, and these ecosystems collapse, along with clean air, water, food and climate services they provide us.”

A dawning awareness — in government, business and society as a whole — that a healthy environment is not a luxury but the “foundation of future human development” provided reason for optimism, he suggested in an interview.

“This is really revolutionary,” he said, pointing to a global pact to rein in climate change going into force next week, and a newly launched set of UN-backed Sustainable Development Goals running through 2030.

“We have succeeded in making a strong business case for climate,” Lambertini said. “Now we have to make an equally strong business case for conservation of natural systems.”

That is likely to be a hard sell.

Global warming has measurable impacts that have already threatened tens of millions of people, and even then it took nearly thirty years to strike a universal deal.

With biodiversity and ecosystems, the negative impacts are “less direct and less tangible on a global scale”, Lambertini said.

‘Wake-up call’

The five main drivers of wildlife decline — in order of importance — are habitat loss, overconsumption, pollution, invasive species and disease, according to the report.

On top of that, climate change is poised to become a major threat in the coming decades, with some animals already in decline due to rising temperatures and changing weather patterns.

“This should be a wake-up call to marshal efforts to promote the recovery of these populations,” said Ken Norris, director of science at the Zoological Society of London.

Freshwater environments such as lakes, rivers and wetlands have fared the worst, with an 81 per cent decline in average population size between 1970 and 2012 for 881 species monitored. Freshwater covers less than one per cent of Earth’s surface, but is home to nearly 10 per cent of all of the planet’s known species.

Marine and land vertebrates have suffered at about the same rate — with populations dropping 36 and 38 per cent respectively over the same period — but for different reasons.

Factory fishing has emptied the seas of 40 per cent of sea life, and nine out of ten fisheries in the world are either over- or full-fished today.

Pollution and climate change are also wreaking havoc, especially along coastlines.

On land, the big threats are loss of land to agriculture and cities, followed by rampant hunting, mostly for food but also for commerce — much of it in endangered species.

The majority of Earth’s land area has today been re-sculpted by human hands.

“We have thought of the ecosystems on the planet as infinite, as if we could extract resources forever without any constraint,” Lambertini said. “Now science is telling us very clearly that this is not true.”

Published in Dawn, October 28th, 2016