MUMBAI: India criticised Pakistan for its failure to convict the masterminds of the 2008 Mumbai attacks on Friday as the country marked the second anniversary of the carnage that claimed 166 lives.

Both houses of India's parliament held a minute's silence to honour the victims of 60 hours of violence that saw 10 gunmen attack a host of targets including luxury hotels, a Jewish centre and the train station.

Police also paraded through the city showing off new upgraded security hardware, while mourners gathered at the places where civilians were gunned down in cold blood by the heavily armed attackers.

Speaking in Colombo, Indian Foreign Minister S M Krishna stressed the need for Pakistan to tackle terror groups on its territory and bring the alleged masterminds from the Lashkar-i-Taiba militant network to justice.

“Once again I call upon Pakistan to dismantle the terror machine operating with impunity in territories under its control and to bring all the perpetrators of the Mumbai terror attacks to speedy justice,” he said.

Home Minister P. Chidambaram, speaking at a commemoration function in Mumbai, said Pakistan had failed to take action.

“In Pakistan, we have a neighbour who has not fulfilled its promise to bring the 26/11 masterminds to justice,” he said, while stressing the need for a modern and well-trained police force to be on guard.

Indian and US intelligence have alleged that the attackers arrived by sea from Pakistan on the evening of November 26 after hijacking a fishing boat.

Authorities regained full control of the city only three days later.

Nine of the gunmen were killed and the sole survivor, Mohammad Ajmal Kasab, was condemned to death by a Mumbai court in May. He is challenging the sentence.

Seven suspects in Pakistan, including the alleged mastermind Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi and Lashkar-i-Taiba operative Zarar Shah, have been put on trial in the country, but none has been convicted.

The prosecution has since stalled, with Pakistani officials demanding that Kasab be allowed to testify, which New Delhi has refused. Pakistan also wants to send a fact-finding commission to India to gather more evidence.

India sees these moves as stalling tactics and says it has handed over enough evidence in a series of dossiers to secure the convictions of the accused men. Pakistan says the evidence is inadmissible in court.

The Mumbai attacks are frequently referred to as India's 9/11, in reference to the September 11, 2001 attacks on New York and Washington.

They continue to dog relations between India and Pakistan, whose slow-moving peace process broke down after the attacks.

Live television footage of the assault was shown around the world as commandos battled with the militants and terrified civilians tried to escape the bloodbath. About 300 people were injured.

“We will never succumb to the designs of our enemies,” Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said in a statement on Friday. “We pledge to redouble our efforts to bring the perpetrators of this crime against humanity to justice.”

Police officers were due to unveil a memorial to Constable Tukaram Ombale at Chowpatty beach in south Mumbai, where he lost his life as he tackled Kasab.

Earlier this month US President Barack Obama visited the city, and met the families of victims and survivors, as well as paying his respects at a memorial in the Taj Mahal Palace hotel, which was one of the militants' prime targets.

Obama and his delegation made a point of staying overnight at the hotel, the scene of a three-day siege, in what was seen as a gesture of solidarity.

Indian authorities remain wary of further attacks by militants, and security in Mumbai was raised for the anniversary.

“With (the) terror threat lingering over the city in the view of the second anniversary of 26/11, we have made elaborate security arrangements and Mumbai has been put on alert,” senior city policeman Rajkumar Vhatkar said.