• Primary forest loss last year jumped about 12pc from 2019
• Brazil has highest deforestation but Indonesia, Malaysia improve

KUALA LUMPUR: Tropical forest losses hit their third-highest level in almost two decades last year, despite improved conservation in parts of Southeast Asia, researchers said on Wednesday, warning of rising deforestation risks as nations restart pandemic-hit economies.

The loss in 2020 of 4.2 million hectares (10.4 million acres) of primary forest — intact areas of old-growth trees — equalled the size of the Netherlands, according to data from Global Forest Watch (GFW) and the University of Maryland.

“2020 was supposed to be this landmark year for all of these international commitments ... and actually we’re seeing things moving in the wrong direction,” said Mikaela Weisse, a project manager at the GFW forest monitoring service, run by the World Resources Institute (WRI), a Washington-based think-tank.

A group of global household brands missed a 2020 target to buy only sustainably produced commodities, while a goal backed by more than 200 countries, companies and green groups to cut natural forest loss by at least half by 2020 was not met.

The “relentless pace” of deforestation across the tropics is “definitely something we’re worried about”, Weisse said.

Cutting down forests has major implications for global goals to curb climate change, as trees absorb about a third of the planet-warming carbon emissions produced worldwide.

Forests also provide food and livelihoods for people living in or near them, are an essential habitat for wildlife, and aid tropical rainfall.

WRI said primary forest loss, which hit a record high in 2016 and 2017, was about 12pc higher in 2020 than in 2019.

It produced the equivalent of the annual carbon emissions of 570 million cars, more than double the number of US vehicles.

Agricultural expansion, wildfires, logging, mining and population growth all fuel deforestation, researchers said.

In 2020, weaker law enforcement due to Covid-19 lockdowns, funding cuts for forest protection and an exodus from cities to rural areas had been expected to worsen deforestation. But Weisse said it had been hard to identify a pandemic influence.

Still, as countries look to kick-start their economies after the Covid-19 crisis, they could introduce new policies that are not forest-friendly, she warned, citing an Indonesian job creation bill passed in late 2020.

“Ultimately that’s going to have a longer-term impact than this shorter shutdown period we’re seeing now,” she added.

The top three countries for primary forest loss last year were Brazil, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Bolivia, WRI researchers said.

Brazil once more topped the list for annual primary forest loss with 1.7 million hectares in 2020, more than three times the next-highest country and a hike of 25pc from 2019, they said.

Weisse blamed much of the loss on forest fires and noted federal forest enforcement agencies faced budget cuts in 2021.

Neighbouring Bolivia rose to number three with nearly 276,900 hectares lost, mainly due to fires. As in Brazil, most fires were likely set by people to clear land but burned out of control due to drought and hot weather.

Meanwhile, in Colombia, ranked sixth, primary forest loss rose in 2020 to nearly 166,500 hectares after a dip in 2019. “There is a lot of land grabbing,” Weisse said.

The DRC, in second place, lost 490,000 hectares of primary forest in 2020. Like previous years, the majority was caused by the expansion of small-scale agriculture and wood energy demand, including charcoal production.

Indonesia, which has the world’s third-largest tropical forests and is its largest oil-palm grower, fell from third to fourth place with primary forest loss at just over 270,000 hectares, showing a fourth straight year of declines.

The fall was down to government policies including a moratorium on clearing primary forest and a freeze on permits for oil palm plantations, improvements in law enforcement and land rights, and use of technologies to tackle forest fires, said Arief Wijaya, forests senior manager at WRI Indonesia.

Forest loss also dropped for the fourth year in neighbouring Malaysia, ranked ninth place, to nearly 73,000 hectares.

Malaysia, which has lost nearly a fifth of its primary forest since 2001, set a five-year cap on palm oil plantations in 2019 and plans to toughen forest laws by increasing fines and jail terms for illegal logging.

The downward trend in Indonesia and Malaysia was not visible in other Southeast Asian countries, however, with Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar showing sustained or higher levels of deforestation.

“We are seeing these pretty significant declines in both Indonesia and Malaysia that really aren’t playing out in other parts of the world,” said Weisse.

Published in Dawn, April 1st, 2021