SHANGHAI: Moody's downgraded its outlook on Chinese government debt to "negative" from "stable" on Wednesday, citing uncertainty over authorities' capacity to implement economic reforms, rising government debt and falling reserves.

"Without credible and efficient reforms, China's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth would slow more markedly as a high debt burden dampens business investment and demographics turn increasingly unfavourable. Government debt would increase more sharply than we currently expect," Moody's said in a note on Wednesday.

Moody's said its rating committee had discussed China's status at a meeting on Feb 9, during which the country's institutional and fiscal strength, as well as its susceptibility to event risks, were reviewed.

The agency said the downgrade was driven by expectations that China's fiscal strength will continue to decline, and the fall in its foreign exchange reserves which have shrunk by $762 billion over the last 18 months.

It also said that policymakers' credibility was at risk of being undermined by incomplete implementation or partial reversals of some reforms.

"Interventions in the equity and foreign exchange markets over the past year suggest that ensuring financial and economic stability is also an objective, but there is considerably uncertainty about policy priorities," Moody's said.

Moody's, however, retained China's Aa3 rating, noting the country's sizeable reserves gave it time to implement reforms and gradually address economic imbalances.

But the agency warned that it could further downgrade China's rating if it saw slowing down of reforms needed to support sustainable growth and to protect the government's balance sheet.

"It's not a worrying sign yet, but rather a negative direction. That's what Moody's is flagging," said Trinh Nguyen, senior economist for emerging Asia at global asset manager Nataxis.

"But they have room to do this. They have one of the lowest government debt as a share of GDP in comparison to other emerging nations. And most importantly, as China has a current account surplus it can fund its own fiscal expansion."

Initial market reaction to the outlook change was muted, although the cost of insuring Chinese government debt against default rose slightly.

"The drivers ─ local government debt, capital outflows, falling reserves and concerns on the progress of reforms ─ are all well recognised by investors and a lot of them have arguably already been priced in,” agreed Aidan Yao, Senior Emerging Market Asia Economist at AXA Investment Managers.

High and rising corporate debt

A major rationale for the falling outlook, Moody's said, was the large stock of contingent sovereign liabilities such as state-owned corporations' debt, local government debt, and the debt of China's big "policy" banks ─ the Agricultural Development Bank of China, China Development Bank, and the Export-Import Bank of China.

While Moody's put actual government debt at only 40.6 per cent of GDP at the end of 2015, Standard & Poor's estimated in July that corporate debt had already risen to 160pc of GDP in 2014, twice that of the United States and up from only 120pc in 2013.

"There has been a lot of poor credit allocation, with too much credit directed at inefficient state firms and not enough going towards smaller efficient firms," said Julian Evans-Pritchard, China Economist at Capital Economics in Singapore.

In a separate note on Wednesday, ratings agency Fitch also highlighted rising risks to Chinese banks from accelerating credit growth.

"The 50bp cut to the reserve requirement ratio (RRR) for Chinese banks on Tuesday, together with record loan growth in January, could point to an increasing likelihood that the authorities are shifting policy to enable more credit-fuelled growth," Fitch analysts wrote.

"Rolling over more debt will only delay and not resolve an expected rise in non-performing loans."

On Tuesday, the People's Bank of China cut bank reserve ratio requirements by 50bp, releasing an estimated $100bn of cash for lending.