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Technology: Towards an ‘open’ world
Ever since computer programmers began collaborating online to build software applications, the “open source” movement has been developing into a serious rival to the multinational software companies. Since the term was coined in the late 90s, open source has rapidly matured from an egalitarian approach to software design into a movement whose practices underpin the internet. More recently, it has begun to represent the seed of an ideology, whose approach to openness and sharing is spilling over into the wider world.
The term open source is used to describe software that is “open” for modification. It does this by making the “source” code — the stuff programmers need to read before a computer program is converted into binary — available for other programmers to develop. This form of software development was the norm until the late 60s.
Conversely, the proprietary software produced by big corporations rarely does this. Its owners prefer to ship “closed” binary-only versions, which are much more difficult for programmers to read, redevelop and redistribute without the permission of the owners.
Even if you are unaware of Linux, the groundbreaking open source operating system, it is likely you daily use open source software. Most email is now routed through Sendmail, while most websites are hosted on Apache servers, both open source projects. So open source has led to a revolution in the way we think about the production of software — who owns and controls the mortar that binds the modern world — and now its ideas are spreading beyond the confines of computer programming.
Open source ideas are breaching the boundary between software and electronics. At IBM, the next generation of computer chips is being designed using the same open methods that have revolutionized software. Claims are even being made that anything from marketing techniques to drugs, beer to washing-up liquid, can in some ways be described as open source.
Open source ideas are breaching the boundary between software and electronics. The next generation of computer chips is being designed using the same methods that revolutionized software.
The main problem with transposing open source ideas on to the physical world is that it involves more than a simple matter of replication. As Richard Stallman — the Martin Luther of the open source movement — once pointed out: “You can’t download hardware through the net, and we don’t have automatic copiers for hardware”.
Even so, while hardware or machinery might be relatively expensive to reproduce, designs for them are not. Blueprints for computer chips or formulae for life-saving drugs can be reproduced just as cheaply — and distributed just as easily — as computer code.
So many non-software open source ideas abound that earlier this year, the thinktank Demos warned that overuse of the term threatened to muddy the waters. The authors of Wide Open, a provocative pamphlet emphasizing how open source ideas were spilling over into the wider world, warned that “in a strict sense nothing except computer code can ever be open source”.
It is clear that the ideas underpinning open source are spreading far wider than the pioneers foresaw. The most prominent area — outside electronics — where such principles are beginning to prosper is in the pharmaceutical industry.
According to the Demos pamphlet, a number of “virtual pharmaceutical companies” already operate in ways analogous to those of the open source community. These companies are rethinking the traditional method of guarding in-house discoveries and sharing the development of their products with rivals in order to get drugs to market in super-quick time. Such openness would have been unthinkable just a few years ago.
In the old textile town of Huddersfield, the wider application of open source is taking root. At the town’s media centre, a small team of designers is developing TileToy, an interactive, electronically powered toy building brick. The team regularly publishes details of the product’s development (through a blog) and invites others to help with and share ideas.
According to Tom Holley, the centre’s creative director, the way in which the inventors are “opening” the development to a wider community represents an extension of the open source ethic. “The principle is to create a model of product development that changes the relationship between manufacturer and user,” he says. “It allows smaller teams to function that wouldn’t normally be able to afford a full commercial development cycle.”
The question is: can these ideas be used to create something more profound than an educational toy? Or, as Holley suggests: “Can we create an open source dialysis machine or designs for a water desalination plant?” Or, as the authors of Wide Open suggest, could such a sharing of knowledge lead to cheaper crops or result in more affordable cures for disease?
Holley thinks so, and that by adopting open source thinking, it could challenge the “current dominance of multinational corporations”.
This may have already happened. In 2002, Ecover, a manufacturer of environmentally aware cleaning products, commissioned a series of poster advertisements that displayed the chemical formula of its leading washing-up liquid. It message seemed to shout: for the sake of the environment, please, please copy us.
Cynics might argue that this gesture was no more than open source marketing (and one unlikely to be adopted by the makers of Fairy Liquid), but in exposing commercially sensitive information in this way, the company demonstrated how it could continue to profit while its secret recipe was laid bare.
Of course, there are drawbacks to openness. Give away your secrets and you might starve yourself of investment capital or forego the advantages of moving to market first. And inventors — although able to recoup costs through implementation and maintenance of their ideas — potentially lose out on the financial windfall a successful invention brings. Some have argued that this makes open source software, or otherwise, inherently anti-commercial.
But there are commercial advantages, too. As development is shared by a wide community, the cost can be dramatically reduced as firms that participate in “open” methods no longer have to each reinvent the wheel. In this sense, open source is about making your knowledge more freely available for a greater common good.
As the writer Charles Leadbeater recently observed, nobody owns the patent on the mountain bike, and yet most bicycle manufacturers benefited from its developments: they have sold a lot more bikes. — Dawn/The Guardian News Service
The power of Linux
Anyone who doubts the power of Linux needs only to get hold of a nifty, hand-held device that the Indian army plans to issue to soldiers in its million-strong army.
It is unlikely that Linus Torvalds, creator of Linux, ever intended this open-source operating system to be put to military use. But it is a mark of the robustness of this revolutionary operating system that the Indian army is reposing faith on it — and indeed, has now completed user trials on the device.
Called SATHI (short for Situational Awareness and Tactical Handheld Information), the 875-gramme device helps soldiers coordinate with one another on the battlefield. It is really one of the many spin-offs of a low-cost computer developed indigenously, the basic version of which is available on the market for about $200.
“This the world’s first integrated battlefield computer run on Linux,” exulted Samyeer Metrani, general manager of Encore Software, a firm run by professors from the Indian Institute of Science (IIS) in Bangalore. The institute first conceived of what is called the ‘Simputer’ as a cheap personal computer for Indian users three years ago.
But the irony still remains. Although Indian software companies provide solutions to proprietary software big wicks like the US-based Microsoft Corp, most people in this country cannot afford to buy licensed software products. Like several other developing countries, India depends overwhelmingly on a flourishing cottage industry in assembled personal computers and pirated software.
Institutional users — including central government departments and several state governments — have been steadily turning to open-source Linux for their needs. The World Social Forum (WSF) opened on Jan 26, in Porto Allegre, Brazil, with open information systems in place to go with an open political ethos.
All of about 1,000 computers at the forum were using free software. The official website was developed for the first time in ‘php,’ an open source language. One of the aims of the WSF was to give a voice to the world’s poor and excluded sectors, and hear of their successes.
The WSF is an annual gathering of civil society representatives, held as a counterpoint to the World Economic Forum, which brings together the world’s political and business elite in the Swiss resort town of Davos every year.
“There are many misconceptions about Linux. It is much easier to install and use than many people realize,” said Prof Edwin Wells, an active member of the Delhi Linux Users Group who participates in programmes that help beginners familiarize themselves with the operating system and its applications.
“The best introduction to Linux is to use a bootable Linux ‘distro’ available on a single compact disc (CD), from which Linux can be run directly without a hard disk. There is nothing like that in Windows,” said Wells.
Officially, a strategy is in place to make Linux the standard for students in all academic institutions while the government trains employees to help them work in a Linux environment with support from IBM.
In Bangalore, a global IT hub, Linux now runs a Centre of Competency (CoC), equipped with IBM hardware, that offers consulting, education and certification and allows users to test and gain insights into how Linux can help them. Jyoti Satyanathan, general manager for Linux-IBM in South and South-east Asia, believes that the Centre of Competency is set to play a “significant role in the worldwide Linux community.” Red Hat, a leading purveyor of Linux, now has offices in several cities.
Microsoft has not been taking the steady encroachment of the Linux-IBM combine into its Indian turf lying down. Apart from partnerships with leading Indian software firms and investments in research and development, Microsoft runs a $20 million programme to provide information-technology education. It aims to cover 80,000 teachers and 3.5 million students over the next two years.
“Cost is a factor, but Linux actually offers better security arising from the fact that the source code on proprietary software is secret and this makes Linux-based solutions ideal for such applications as the SATHI,” said an official. — Ranjit Devraj/Inter Press Service
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