Bones perform important functions in the human body and have been classed as vital organs, states a recent issue of the Journal of American Medical Association. Some bones are protective such as the skull and ribs, whereas others are attachment sites for muscles and allow us to use our limbs.

Bones are the sites for making blood cells, storing minerals and calcium, and are a key factor in energy metabolism.

When bones get weak and fracture easily, it is due to osteoporosis. This is encountered more in elderly men and post-menopausal women. Hip and spine fractures are more common causing morbidity and loss of independence in the elderly who are at a higher risk. The best tool to diagnose osteoporosis is the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, also called DEXA scan, which measures bone mineral density. This investigation helps in early diagnosis of osteoporosis and its treatment.

The most important factor for preventing fractures is to maintain the function of bones of keeping the body upright and avoiding falls. This involves a complex activity of coordination between bones, muscles, tendons, nerves and the brain. If a step is missed or while walking on a slippery surface good coordination and balance and strong muscles will prevent from falling. If a fall does take place, the padding around the area of impact, muscle coordination and strength of the bone will prevent a fracture. If these have been weakened due to disease or ageing, the person has a high risk of acquiring fracture.

The drugs of choice for prevention of bone fracture are biphosphonates, calcium and vitamin

D. Special exercises to improve muscle strength and balance are beneficial.

A healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet, doing exercises, abstinence from tobacco and maintaining a normal weight are important recommendations for reducing the risk of fractures.