December 30, 2006 Freedom struggle: a synoptic history The All-India Muslim League (AIML) (1906-47) was, of course, by far the most important Indo-Muslim institution in the first half of the twentieth century. Most important in terms of its outstanding... The creation of Pakistan — an Indian reflects Why did a society with its splendidly plural heritage become, in 1947, the site of one of the most cataclysmic events in twentieth-century history?... Muslim League: the name continues As the struggle for Pakistan was launched from the platform of the Muslim League, hopes were pinned with it for leading the country towards the promised goal of independence.... ‘My family and the independence movement’ The involvement of my family with the freedom movement began in the nineteenth century, when my great grandfather, Raja Mohammad Amir Hasan Khan, also known as Amir-ud-Daula, came of age after the death of his father, Muqeem-ud-Daula Raja Nawab Ali Khan.... Of tonga coachman and motorcar driver Octogenarian Muslim Leaguer Ahmad Saeed Kirmani recalls the difficulties of promoting the League in pre-independence Punjab, revealing the view Jinnah held of Sir Fazle Hussein, reports Javed Bashir... Why did religious groups oppose the Pakistan demand? For the students of modern Indian History, it has remained, since long, a curious exercise to understand the paradox as to why a country that was apparently created in the name of religion was so vehemently criticized by the religious class.... Communalism and Indian partition THE All-India Muslim League was founded in Dhaka in 1906. This was exclusively an affair of the Muslims by the Muslims for the Muslims. The circumstances leading to its birth are... Direct action: the most crucial phase During his student days in England , Jinnah, it is said, had toured England with a Shakespearian company, and had even played Romeo. Legend, though unproven, also associates him with Miss Horniman’s famous repertory company for sometime.... Formation of Muslim-owned economic institutions: 1940-1947 Almost all groups of the Muslim society in India saw in Pakistan a land where the opportunities denied to them so far would be available. In a united India they could... Jinnah and the Muslim League 1906 was a landmark in the history of Muslims of this sub-continent. On October 1 that year, the Aga Khan led a deputation of 35 Muslim leaders to the Viceroy Lord... Khilafat Committee and reorganisation of All India Muslim League With the decline of the Mughal Rule in India following the events of 1857, the Muslim community not only started realizing its socio-economic and political marginalization but simultaneously cultivated the concept... Bacha Muslim League and the freedom struggle In the struggle for Pakistan, children were equally active along side their elders and youth. Bacha Muslim League was established under the same spirit, and this article relates some facts about this wing of Muslim League.... Sir Adamjee in service of Muslim India “Colonial oppression coupled with survivals of feudalism had adverse effects on the formation of capitalist relations in India. One of these effects was the uneven development of the various religious communities and castes of Indian bourgeoisie’’ wrote Professor Yu.V.... 1945-46 elections: the critical variable The dramatic rise of Pakistan on August 14-15, 1947 – what really made it possible? A host of factors, at once extremely significant and truly consequential.... The split face of Muslim educational policy in India The Muslim League supported an educational policy which had two imperatives: to mobilize the Muslims as a homogenous group (political or symbolic face); to empower Muslims to function as members of the educated, modernizing, elite.... Feudalism bane of the Punjab An institution will not do well if it is internally incoherent, if contending forces within its body are pulling it in different directions. Political parties rank high among the institutions of governance in a democracy.... Agitation against Khizr Hayat’s coalition ministry In the movement for Pakistan, the elections of 1945-46 in which AIML candidates was more than 75%, of the Muslim votes proved to be very crucial.... NWFP Provincial Muslim League — an appraisal Acommonly believed view about the Frontier Muslim League is that of all the political organisations in Frontier, it was the last to take a start. Some are of the opinion that... Communist Party of India and the demand for Pakistan The British occupation of Bengal in 1757, aroused a wave of anti-British sentiments throughout India. However, despite strong resistance posed by Indian people fighting for freedom, the British gradually kept advancing and finally, in 1857, they established complete control over India.... Gandhi’s politics of caste orthodoxy and Pakistan In 1940 Jinnah once the ‘Ambassador of Hindu Muslim unity’, himself, installed the idea of India’s partition by launching the Pakistan Resolution, on the basis of ‘two nation theory’.... Lack of success in states cost Muslim League dearly South Asia had never been a monolithic administrative unit even during the ancient and medieval periods. When Akbar tried to eradicate Muslim princely states he had also to compromise with Rajput... Muslim League — its role and organization There are many people in Pakistan, particularly among the Services, who tend to dismiss the contribution of the Muslim League towards the achievement of Pakistan as one of little consequences.... Nationalists who made the difference... The nation remembers with gratitude the leaders of the freedom movement which led to the creation of Pakistan. The movement was started by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, strengthened by Maulana Mohammad... Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah Sir Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah was one of 20th century politicians of Sindh who could read the future and act in that direction. An astute but supple man with the quality of... Jinnah’s address at the historic Lucknow session The Hon. Mr. M. A. Jinnah presided over the Lucknow session of the All-India Muslim League held in December, 1916. It was here in this historic session that an agreement between... Muslim League, Congress and the Cabinet Mission Plan The Cabinet Mission Plan of May 16, 1946 represented the last British effort to settle the Indian problem on an united India basis. The Plan, envisaging a confederal India, was designed... Salimullah: life and work Tt was one hundred years ago, on 30th December 1906, that the All India Muslim League was formed, and, it was this political party that fought for and achieved Pakistan in August 1947.... In memory of Khwaja Nazimuddin The 22nd October 2006, was the 42nd death anniversary of the late KHWAJA NAZIMUDDIN, who returned to his eternal heavenly home on this day in the year 1964.... Some prominent nationalists of the Dhaka Nawab family In addition to Khwaja Nazimuddin and Nawab Bahadur Khwaja Habibullah, who were ministers in the coalition cabinet of Mr. A. K. Fazlul Huq, following members of the family were also elected... Mohsin-ul-Mulk: a thinker in his own right Among the luminaries who led the Muslim community of the British India out of sheer grief and shock of humiliation caused by the failed attempt to revive their control at the... M.A.H. Ispahani, a trusted man of the Quaid One is inclined to begin near the end of this journey. My father, M.A.H. Ispahani was crystal clear on the role of the Muslim League, pre-partition.... Abdullah Haroon: a sincere nationalist Among the All India Muslim League’s second cadre leadership, Abdullah Haroon was actively associated with the AIML for barely five years (1937-42). Yet he stands high in its echelons.... M.A. Khuhro, freedom fighter Mohammad Ayub Khuhro was one of the front ranking leaders of the freedom movement of the subcontinent and a key leader of All India Muslim League, the founding Party of Pakistan.... Nawab Bahadur Yar Jung: spell-binding orator Among the young Muslim leaders that got catapulted to the pinnacle of fame and popularity during the late 1930s and the early 1940s, Nawab Bahadur Yar Jung was unique – and among the most distinguished....... Allama Iqbal and the Muslim League Unlike other Muslim League stalwarts of his day Allama Iqbal’s main contribution to the Pakistan Movement is mainly in the evolution of Muslims of India’s demand for a separate homeland.... Muslim League, G.M. Sayed and Sindh’s troubled waters G. M. Sayed has always been criticised by the central power elite since 1946, a year before the partition of the sub-continent. He was an intelligent and well versed political leader.... The ever defiant Hasrat There continues the rendering of verses, and the rigors of grinding too, What a strange contradiction exhibits in Hasrat’s temperament!... Raja Mahmudabad, a pillar of strength of the Muslim League The Raja of Mahmudabad (1914-1973) was the third of the triumvirate which created Pakistan. As Treasurer he ranked immediately after the President and Honorary Secretary of the All India Muslim League.... Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and the Muslim renaissance The nineteenth century represents one of the most dismal and depressing periods in the annals of Islamic/Muslim history. A period of political decay, economic instability, social disintegration, cultural apathy and intellectual despair.... I.I. Chundrigar — a close associate of the Quaid The only son of a prosperous businessman having substantial properties and a dyeing factory, Chundrigar was born on 15th of September 1897 at Ahmedabad in the State of Gujarat, India.... Qazi Isa and the Muslim League in Balochistan “I am not a sentimental man and I seldom indulge in paying tributes, but I am going to make an exception to that this evening. I have in mind your young leader Qazi Mohammad Isa.... Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk and the Muslim nationalist movement Nawab Mushtaq Husain Viqar-ul-Mulk (March 24, 1841-January 27, 1917), also known as Mushtaq Hussain, was a Muslim politician and one of the founders of All India Muslim League.... Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi and the two-nation theory Dr. Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi, one of the more prominent historians of Pakistan, is known for his projection of the Two-nation theory, the political ideology of the All India Muslim League....Professor Yu.V.... Preparations for Pakistan: formation of committees With the inauguration of the Government of India Act 1935, a new chapter was opened in the constitutional history of the subcontinent. It was a turning point in the historical evolution... Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan  Grandson of Nawab Mustafa Khan Shaifta, who was a renowned poet and a friend of Mirza Ghalib and son of Nawab Ishaque Khan, Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan was born in Meerut in August 1884.... The Bengali trio: Fazlul Haq, Suhrawardy, Nazimuddin A.K. Fazlul Haq, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Khwaja Nazimuddin constitute a trio that occupied a central place in shaping the Bengali politics in the first half of the twentieth century.... Muslim League: nationalist coalition to national party? The establishment of the All-India Muslim League in Dhaka by the Muslim elite on December 30, 1906 was a landmark development in the history of the Indian Sub-continent.... Why should we celebrate the Muslim League’s centenary? On the occasion of hundred year’s celebration of the Muslim League, the question comes to mind as to which Muslim League has completed the century of its birth? The All India... Perceptions from the other side of the border: Parting of ways  In considering whether Jinnah and the League were responsible for the partition of India by raising the cry of Pakistan, it is necessary to ask, and answer, two questions: First, were... Of the great divide Between 1906, when the Muslim League was formed, and 1947, when it achieved its aim of securing a sovereign Pakistan, it won a majority of Muslim votes in British India only once - in the elections of 1945-6.... All India Muslim League and the Creation of Pakistan 1906 - 30 December. The concluding day of the 20th session of the All-India Mohammedan Educational Conference (AIMEC) in Dacca. After the Session was over,... Aga Khan III – the first President of the Muslim League Sultan Sir Mohammed Shah – more familiarly known as Aga Khan III [1877-1957] occupies an unrivalled position in the history of the Pakistan freedom movement. He was the first President... Freedom movement and the Aga Khan After the collapse of the Great Revolution of 1857, the Muslims in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent were hounded out of all opportunities and employments. Full advantage of the hostile attitude of the... The Indian Muslim dilemma It was eight years old in 1971. I remember the brown paper pasted on our windowpanes, the trenches dug in the park facing our house and the near-palpable fear of air strikes. I also remember... The Muslim press and the independence movement The history of the modern press is closely linked with the invention of the printing press. However, the subcontinent as the cradle of one of the very old civilisations of the... Liaquat: an assessment Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan (1895-1951) was the first Prime Minister of Pakistan (1947-51). And he was chosen for that office by the All-India Muslim League (AIML) which, having won some 88... Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar: an appreciation During Pakistan’s first troublesome decade, Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar (1899-1958) was one of the nation’s greatest leaders. Indeed, his contribution to national consolidation and integration was perhaps next only to Quaid-i-Azam Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan....

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